Working Principle of Energy Storage Batteries

　　(Ni - Cd) energy storage batteries operate based on a well - defined electrochemical process.

　　The basic components of a Ni - Cd battery include a nickel - oxide - hydroxide (NiOOH) positive electrode (cathode), a cadmium (Cd) negative electrode (anode), and an alkaline electrolyte, usually potassium hydroxide (KOH).

　　During the charging process, an external electrical current is applied. At the cathode, nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)₂) is oxidized to nickel - oxide - hydroxide (NiOOH). The chemical reaction can be represented as: 2Ni(OH)₂ + 2OH⁻ → 2NiOOH + 2H₂O + 2e⁻. At the anode, cadmium metal (Cd) reacts with hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in the electrolyte. Cadmium is oxidized to cadmium hydroxide (Cd(OH)₂), and electrons are released. The reaction is: Cd + 2OH⁻ → Cd(OH)₂ + 2e⁻. These released electrons flow through the external circuit, creating an electric current.

　　When the Ni - Cd battery is discharging and powering an external device, the chemical reactions occur in reverse. At the cathode, nickel - oxide - hydroxide (NiOOH) is reduced back to nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)₂). The reaction is: 2NiOOH + 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → 2Ni(OH)₂+ 2OH⁻. At the anode, cadmium hydroxide (Cd(OH)₂) is reduced to cadmium metal (Cd). The reaction is: Cd(OH)₂ + 2e⁻ → Cd + 2OH⁻. The flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit provides the electrical energy to power the connected device.

　　The alkaline electrolyte plays a crucial role in this process. It serves as a medium for the transfer of hydroxide ions (OH⁻) between the anode and the cathode, facilitating the redox reactions. The stability of the electrolyte and its ability to conduct ions effectively are essential for the proper functioning of the Ni - Cd battery. Overall, this electrochemical process of charging and discharging allows Ni - Cd batteries to store and release electrical energy, making them useful for a wide range of applications, although as mentioned before, they have some limitations compared to newer battery technologies.

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