Nickel - cadmium storage batteries have a relatively wide temperature adaptation range compared to some other battery chemistries, but they still have limitations. Generally, the optimal operating temperature range for Ni - Cd batteries is between 0°C and 40°C.

　　At lower temperatures, say below 0°C, the electrochemical reactions within the battery slow down. This leads to a decrease in the battery's capacity. For example, at - 20°C, a Ni - Cd battery may only be able to deliver 50 - 60% of its rated capacity at room temperature. The cold temperature increases the internal resistance of the battery, making it more difficult for the ions to move between the electrodes, thus reducing the overall performance. However, Ni - Cd batteries can still function to some extent in cold environments, which makes them suitable for certain applications in cold regions, such as in some outdoor emergency communication devices.

　　On the other hand, when the temperature rises above 40°C, the self - discharge rate of Ni - Cd batteries increases significantly. High temperatures can also cause the electrolyte to evaporate over time, which may lead to a decrease in the battery's performance. At extremely high temperatures, like 60°C or above, the chemical reactions within the battery can become unstable, and there is a risk of permanent damage to the electrodes. The positive nickel - hydroxide electrode may experience changes in its crystal structure, and the negative cadmium electrode may corrode more rapidly. Despite these challenges, compared to lithium - ion batteries, Ni - Cd batteries are more tolerant of higher temperatures in the short term, which gives them an edge in some industrial applications where the ambient temperature may fluctuate.

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