Lithium - ion energy storage batteries come in a variety of specifications. One of the primary specifications is the cell type. There are different chemistries, such as lithium - cobalt - oxide (LCO), lithium - iron - phosphate (LFP), lithium - nickel - manganese - cobalt - oxide (NMC), and lithium - nickel - cobalt - aluminum - oxide (NCA). Each chemistry has its own characteristics. LCO cells offer high energy density but have relatively poor thermal stability and a limited lifespan. LFP cells, on the other hand, are known for their excellent safety, long cycle life, and relatively low cost, making them popular for applications like electric buses and large - scale energy storage systems.

　　The physical dimensions of the battery cells also vary. They can be cylindrical, prismatic, or pouch - shaped. Cylindrical cells, such as the widely used 18650 and 21700 models, are easy to manufacture and stack, which is convenient for applications where space is not a major constraint. Prismatic cells are often used in electric vehicles as they can be customized to fit specific space requirements more effectively. Pouch - shaped cells are lightweight and flexible, making them suitable for applications where weight and form - factor are crucial, such as in some portable electronics.

　　Another important specification is the voltage rating. Individual lithium - ion cells typically have a nominal voltage of around 3.6 - 3.7 volts. However, for practical applications, multiple cells are connected in series and parallel to achieve the desired voltage and capacity. For example, a typical electric vehicle battery pack may consist of hundreds of cells connected in a complex configuration to provide a high - voltage output, usually in the range of 300 - 400 volts. Additionally, the battery's charging and discharging rates, expressed as C - rate, are also specified. A high C - rate battery can be charged and discharged more quickly, which is beneficial for applications that require rapid energy transfer, such as electric vehicles during fast - charging or some industrial equipment with high - power demands.

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