With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, there is a growing demand for eco - friendly alternatives to nickel - cadmium batteries.

Lithium - ion batteries are one of the most popular alternatives. They have a high energy density, which means they can store a large amount of energy in a relatively small and lightweight package. This makes them ideal for use in portable electronics such as smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles. Lithium - ion batteries also do not contain toxic heavy metals like cadmium. They have a long cycle life, which means they can be charged and discharged many times before their performance degrades significantly. However, the extraction of lithium has some environmental implications, and efforts are being made to improve the sustainability of lithium - ion battery production, such as recycling and more efficient extraction methods.

Nickel - metal hydride (Ni - MH) batteries are another alternative. They offer a higher energy density compared to Ni - Cd batteries and do not contain the toxic cadmium. Ni - MH batteries are commonly used in hybrid electric vehicles and some portable electronics. They have a lower self - discharge rate compared to Ni - Cd batteries, which means they can hold their charge for longer periods when not in use. However, they may have a slightly lower power density in some cases compared to lithium - ion batteries.

There are also emerging technologies such as sodium - ion batteries. Sodium is more abundant and widely available compared to lithium. Sodium - ion batteries have the potential to be a cost - effective and environmentally friendly alternative. Although still in the development stage, they show promise in applications where cost and environmental impact are key considerations, such as in large - scale energy storage systems.

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