Flow energy storage batteries have unique charge and discharge characteristics that distinguish them from other battery types. During charging, an external electrical source pumps electrical energy into the battery. The redox reactions occur in the electrolyte solutions stored in external tanks. For instance, in a vanadium redox flow battery, vanadium ions in different oxidation states in the positive and negative electrolytes are oxidized or reduced respectively. The charging process is relatively stable, and the battery can accept a continuous charge current within its rated capacity.

　　When it comes to discharging, the stored chemical energy in the electrolytes is converted back into electrical energy. The ions flow through the membrane separating the positive and negative electrodes, facilitating the electron transfer in the external circuit. One of the remarkable features is the ability to decouple power and energy. The power output is mainly determined by the size of the electrodes and the flow rate of the electrolyte, while the energy capacity depends on the volume of the electrolyte in the storage tanks. This means that the battery can provide a consistent power output over a long period as long as there is sufficient electrolyte. Also, the charge and discharge efficiency is quite high, typically ranging from 70% to 85%, which is favorable for energy storage applications. The battery can adapt to different discharge rates, making it suitable for various scenarios such as load leveling in power grids or providing backup power for industrial facilities.

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