Working principles of electrolytic cells and primary batteries

　　1. Electrolytic cell: An electrolytic cell is a device that converts electrical energy into chemical energy. In the electrolytic cell, the positive pole of the external power supply is connected to the anode, and the negative pole is connected to the cathode. Oxidation reaction occurs on the anode and reduction reaction occurs on the cathode.

　　2. Primary battery: A primary battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. In primary batteries, spontaneous oxidation-reduction reactions convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Oxidation reaction occurs on the negative electrode, and reduction reaction occurs on the positive electrode.

　　Positive and negative electrode materials in lithium batteries:

　　1. Positive electrode materials (cathode materials): Common positive electrode materials for lithium batteries include lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO ₂), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn ₂ O ₄), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO ₄), and ternary nickel cobalt manganese oxide lithium (LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2).

　　Lithium cobalt oxide: has high energy density and good cycling performance, but high cost and poor safety.

　　Lithium manganese oxide: Low cost, good safety, but relatively low energy density, cycle performance needs to be improved.

　　Lithium iron phosphate: high safety, long cycle life, low cost, but relatively low energy density.

　　Ternary material: It combines the advantages of lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, and lithium iron phosphate, with high energy density and good cycling performance, but at a higher cost.

　　2. Negative electrode materials (anode materials): Common negative electrode materials for lithium batteries include graphite, silicon-based materials, and lithium titanate.

　　Graphite: With good conductivity and stability, it is currently the most widely used negative electrode material.

　　Silicon based materials: have high specific capacity, but poor cycling performance and large volume expansion.

　　Lithium titanate: It has good safety and cycling performance, but relatively low specific capacity.

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