(Ni - Cd) energy storage batteries, despite their historical significance and some advantages, come with several notable drawbacks.

　　One of the most prominent disadvantages is the issue of memory effect. Ni - Cd batteries "remember" their charge - discharge patterns. If they are repeatedly charged before being fully discharged, they gradually lose their capacity to hold a full charge. For example, if a Ni - Cd battery - powered device is often recharged when the battery still has 40% of its capacity left, over time, the battery will act as if its full - charge capacity is only 60% of its original value. This memory effect significantly reduces the overall usability and efficiency of the battery, and it requires users to be meticulous about fully discharging the battery before each recharge to maintain its performance.

　　Another major concern is the environmental impact. Cadmium, a key component in Ni - Cd batteries, is a highly toxic heavy metal. When these batteries are not properly recycled, cadmium can leach into the soil and water, causing serious pollution. In landfills, the breakdown of Ni - Cd batteries can release cadmium, which is harmful to both plant and animal life. Recycling Ni - Cd batteries is complex and costly, and the lack of a comprehensive and efficient recycling infrastructure in many regions exacerbates the environmental problem.

　　Ni - Cd batteries also have relatively low energy density compared to some modern battery chemistries. Energy density refers to the amount of energy a battery can store per unit volume or mass. With a lower energy density, Ni - Cd batteries need to be larger and heavier to store the same amount of energy as, for example, lithium - ion batteries. This makes them less suitable for applications where size and weight are critical factors, such as in portable electronics like smartphones and lightweight laptops.

　　In addition, the cost - effectiveness of Ni - Cd batteries is not as favorable as some alternatives. Although the initial cost of Ni - Cd batteries may be relatively low, considering their shorter lifespan due to the memory effect and the need for proper recycling, the long - term cost can be quite high. When factoring in the costs associated with replacing batteries more frequently and the environmental costs of disposal and recycling, other battery technologies often prove to be more cost - efficient in the long run.

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